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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glas- oder Beilfische</span></h1>
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<table cellpadding="2" class="float-right taxobox infobox" id="Vorlage_Taxobox" style="width:300px;margin-top:0.5em;" summary="Taxobox">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Glas- oder Beilfische
</th></tr>


<tr>
<td class="taxo-bild" style="font-size:smaller;">
<p><i>Pempheris adusta</i>
</p>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<th><a href="Systematik_(Biologie)" title="Systematik (Biologie)">Systematik</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>
<table class="toptextcells" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><i><a href="Kohorte_(Biologie)" title="Kohorte (Biologie)">Unterkohorte</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Neoteleostei" title="Neoteleostei">Neoteleostei</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Acanthomorpha" title="Acanthomorpha">Acanthomorphata</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Stachelflosser" title="Stachelflosser">Stachelflosser</a> (Acanthopterygii)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><a href="Barschverwandte" title="Barschverwandte">Barschverwandte</a> (Percomorphaceae)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="Ordnung_(Biologie)" title="Ordnung (Biologie)">Ordnung</a>:</i>
</td>
<td><a href="Acropomatiformes" title="Acropomatiformes">Acropomatiformes</a>
</td></tr>


<tr>
<td><i><a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a>:</i>
</td>
<td>Glas- oder Beilfische
</td></tr>

</tbody></table>
</td></tr>










<tr>
<th><a href="Nomenklatur_(Biologie)" title="Nomenklatur (Biologie)">Wissenschaftlicher Name</a>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td class="taxo-name">Pempheridae
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td class="Person"><a href="Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1859
</td></tr>

</tbody></table>
<p>Die <b>Glas- oder Beilfische</b> (Pempheridae) sind eine <a href="Familie_(Biologie)" title="Familie (Biologie)">Familie</a> der <a href="Barschverwandte" title="Barschverwandte">Barschverwandten</a>, die aus zwei <a href="Gattung_(Biologie)" title="Gattung (Biologie)">Gattungen</a> und über 70 <a href="Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie)">Arten</a> besteht. Es sind kleine Fische, die im westlichen <a href="Atlantischer_Ozean" title="Atlantischer Ozean">Atlantik</a> und im <a href="Indopazifik" title="Indopazifik">Indopazifik</a> in individuenreichen Schwärmen leben. Einige Arten gehen auch in <a href="Brackwasser" title="Brackwasser">Brackwasser</a>, eine (<i>Pempheris mangula</i>) ist durch den <a href="Suezkanal" title="Suezkanal">Suezkanal</a> in das <a href="Mittelmeer" title="Mittelmeer">Mittelmeer</a> eingewandert<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="Lessepssche_Migration" title="Lessepssche Migration">Lessepssche Migration</a>). Beide Gattungen leben tagsüber versteckt in Höhlen und unter Überhängen. Nachts werden sie aktiv und jagen <a href="Zooplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merkmale">Merkmale</h2></div>
<p>Glas- oder Beilfische werden 7,5 bis 30 Zentimeter lang. Es sind hochrückige Fische, deren seitlich abgeflachter Körper mit großen <a href="Cycloidschuppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycloidschuppe">Cycloid-</a> oder <a href="Ctenoidschuppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenoidschuppe">Ctenoidschuppen</a> bedeckt ist. Ihre Augen sind groß, die Maulspalte steht schräg, die <a href="Afterflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Afterflosse">Afterflosse</a> ist lang. Das <a href="Maxillare" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillare">Maxillare</a> reicht nicht bis hinter das Augenzentrum. Die Fische haben nur eine kurze Rückenflosse, die vor der Körpermitte steht. Jungfische sind durchsichtig.
</p><p>Die <a href="Seitenlinienorgan" title="Seitenlinienorgan">Seitenlinie</a> erstreckt sich bis auf die Schwanzflosse. Sie wird von 40 bis 82 Schuppen begleitet. Die Anzahl der <a href="Kiemenreuse" title="Kiemenreuse">Kiemenreusenstrahlen</a> liegt bei 25 bis 31, die der Wirbel bei 25 (10 + 15), die der <a href="Pylorusschl%C3%A4uche" title="Pylorusschläuche">Pylorusschläuche</a> bei 9 bis 10.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Flossenformel" class="mw-redirect" title="Flossenformel">Flossenformel</a>: <a href="R%C3%BCckenflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Rückenflosse">Dorsale</a> IV-VII/7-12, <a href="Afterflosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Afterflosse">Anale</a> (II)-III/17-45.</li></ul>
<p>Die <i>Parapriacanthus</i>-Arten und fünf der 73 Arten der Gattung <i>Pempheris</i> verfügen über <a href="Leuchtorgan" title="Leuchtorgan">Leuchtorgane</a>, die sich aus den <a href="Pylorusschl%C3%A4uche" title="Pylorusschläuche">Pylorusschläuchen</a> entwickelt haben.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghedotti_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghedotti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Äußere_Systematik"><span id=".C3.84u.C3.9Fere_Systematik"></span>Äußere Systematik</h2></div>
<p>Mit ihren nächsten Verwandten, den <a href="Perlbarsche" title="Perlbarsche">Perlbarschen</a> (Glaucosomatidae) und anderen Familien bilden die Glas- oder Beilfische in der jüngsten Revision der <a href="Systematik_der_Knochenfische" title="Systematik der Knochenfische">Knochenfischsystematik</a> die neu aufgestellte Ordnung <a href="Pempheriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pempheriformes">Pempheriformes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Betancur-R_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betancur-R-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innere_Systematik">Innere Systematik</h2></div>
<p>Die <b>Glasfische</b> (<i>Parapriacanthus</i>) sind immer kleiner als 10 Zentimeter, haben einen durchscheinenden Körper und leben in Schwärmen von tausenden von Tieren. Zu der Gattung werden elf Arten gezählt:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<ul><li><i>Parapriacanthus argenteus</i> <small>(von Bonde, 1923)</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus darros</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bogorodsky, 2016</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus dispar</i> <small>(Herre, 1935)</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus elongatus</i> <small>(McCulloch, 1911)</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus guentheri</i> <small>(Klunzinger, 1871)</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus marei</i> <small>Fourmanoir, 1971</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus kwazulu</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bogorodsky, 2016</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus punctulatus</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bogorodsky, 2016</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus rahah</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bogorodsky, 2016</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus ransonneti</i> <small><a href="Franz_Steindachner" title="Franz Steindachner">Steindachner</a>, 1870</small>.</li>
<li><i>Parapriacanthus sharm</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bogorodsky, 2016</small>.</li></ul>
<p>Die <b>Beilfische</b> (<i>Pempheris</i>), nicht zu verwechseln mit den <a href="Tiefsee-Beilfische" title="Tiefsee-Beilfische">Tiefsee-Beilfischen</a> der Familie (Sternoptychidae), sind 15 bis 28 Zentimeter groß, und haben einen deutlich gewölbten Bauch. Einige Arten besitzen <a href="Leuchtorgan" title="Leuchtorgan">Leuchtorgane</a>. Zu der Gattung werden 73 Arten gezählt:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>







<ul><li><i>Pempheris adspersa</i> <small>Griffin, 1927</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris adusta</i> <small><a href="Pieter_Bleeker" title="Pieter Bleeker">Bleeker</a>, 1877</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris affinis</i> <small>McCulloch, 1911</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris analis</i> <small>Waite, 1910</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris andilana</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris argyrea</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris bexillon</i> <small>Mooi &amp; Randall, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris bineeshi</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris bruggemanni</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris compressa</i> <small>(White, 1790)</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris connelli</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris convexa</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris cuprea</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris darvelli</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris eatoni</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ellipse</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris familia</i> <small>Koeda &amp; Motomura, 2017</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris flavicycla</i> <small>Randall at al., 2013</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris gasparinii</i> <small>Pinheiro et al., 2016</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris hadra</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris heemstraorum</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris hollemani</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ibo</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris japonica</i> <small>Döderlein, 1883</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris klunzingeri</i> <small>McCulloch, 1911</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris kruppi</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris kuriamuria</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris leiolepis</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris mangula</i> <small><a href="Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1829</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris megalops</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris micromma</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris molucca</i> <small>Cuvier, 1829</small>. <a href="Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomen dubium</a></li>
<li><i>Pempheris multiradiata</i> <small>Klunzinger, 1880</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris muscat</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris nyctereutes</i> <small><a href="David_Starr_Jordan" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a> &amp; Evermann, 1902</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris orbis</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ornata</i> <small>Mooi &amp; Jubb, 1996</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris otaitensis</i> <small>Cuvier, 1831</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris oualensis</i> <small>Cuvier, 1831</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris pathirana</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris peza</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris poeyi</i> <small>Bean, 1885</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris rapa</i> <small>Mooi, 1998</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris rochai</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris rubricauda</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris sarayu</i> <small>Randall &amp; Bineesh, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris schomburgkii</i> <small>Müller &amp; Troschel, 1848</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris schreineri</i> <small>Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris schwenkii</i> <small>Bleeker, 1855</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris sergey</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris shimoni</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris shirleen</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris smithorum</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris tau</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ternay</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris tilman</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris tiran</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris tominagai</i> <small>Koeda, Yoshino, Imai &amp; Tachihara, 2014</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris trinco</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ufuagari</i> <small>Koeda, Yoshino &amp; Tachihara, 2013</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris vanicolensis</i> <small>Cuvier, 1831</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris viridis</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris wilsoni</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris xanthomma</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris xanthoptera</i> <small>Tominaga, 1963</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris ypsilychnus</i> <small>Mooi &amp; Jubb, 1996</small>.</li>
<li><i>Pempheris zajonzi</i> <small>Randall &amp; Victor, 2015</small>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Joseph_S._Nelson" title="Joseph S. Nelson">Joseph S. Nelson</a>: <i>Fishes of the World</i>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7.</li>
<li><a href="Kurt_Fiedler_(Zoologe)" title="Kurt Fiedler (Zoologe)">Kurt Fiedler</a>: <i>Lehrbuch der Speziellen Zoologie, Band II, Teil 2: Fische</i>. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Pempheris&amp;speciesname=mangula&amp;lang=German"><i>Pempheris mangula</i></a> auf <a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">Fishbase.org</a> (englisch)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Ghedotti-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghedotti_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Ghedotti, M.J., Gruber, J.N., Barton, R.W., Davis, M.P. &amp; Smith, W.L. (2018): <i>Morphology and evolution of bioluminescent organs in the glowbellies (Percomorpha: Acropomatidae) with comments on the taxonomy and phylogeny of Acropomatiformes.</i> Journal of Morphology, Oktober 2018, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.20894" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1002/jmor.20894">doi: 10.1002/jmor.20894</a>, Seite 11.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Betancur-R-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Betancur-R_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">
Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre und Guillermo Ortí: <i>Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes.</i> BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series – Juli 2017, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3">DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=Parapriacanthus&amp;vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3EParapriacanthus%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;crit1=EQUAL"><i>Parapriacanthus</i></a> auf <a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">Fishbase.org</a> (englisch)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, J.E. &amp; Bogorodsky, S.V. (2016): Preliminary review of the pempherid fish genus <i>Parapriacanthus</i> of the western Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 20: 1-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceansciencefoundation.org/josf/josf20a.pdf">PDF</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=Pempheris&amp;vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3EPempheris%3C%2Fi%3E&amp;crit1=EQUAL"><i>Pempheris</i></a> auf <a href="FishBase" title="FishBase">Fishbase.org</a> (englisch)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, J.E. &amp; Victor, B.C. (2014): <i>Four new fishes of the genus Pempheris (Perciformes: Pempheridae) from the western Indian Ocean.</i> Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 12: 61-83.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Randall, J.E. &amp; Victor, B.C. (2015): <i>Descriptions of thirty-four new species of the fish genus </i>Pempheris<i> (Perciformes: Pempheridae), with a key to the species of the western Indian Ocean.</i> Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, 18: 1-77.</span>
</li>
</ol>
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